Difference between revisions of "Terms to add"

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http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm actual behavior

what people really do in their lives rather than what they think they are doing or what they believe they should be doing. In most societies there is a discrepancy between these three kinds of behavior. It is important for anthropologists to distinguish between actual, believed, and ideal behavior when they learn about another society and its culture.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm adaptive mechanism a behavior, strategy, or technique for obtaining food and surviving in a particular environment. Successful adaptive mechanisms provide a selective advantage in the competition for survival with other life forms. For humans, the most important adaptive mechanism is culture. http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm androgy the characteristic of having a blend of both masculine and feminine personality characteristics but not strongly either one. http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm anomie a feeling of alienation and isolation from all other people, including family and friends.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm anthropology the broad scientific study of human culture and biology. Anthropologists are interested in what it is to be human in all of our many different societies around the world today and in the past. In North American universities, the study of anthropology is usually divided into four main sub-disciplines: cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm applied anthropology

the branch of anthropology oriented towards using anthropological knowledge for practical purposes. The work of most applied anthropologists has the goal of helping small indigenous societies adjust to the massive acculturation pressures that they are now experiencing without their suffering culture death and genocide.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm balanced reciprocity

an economic exchange in which there is an explicit expectation of immediate return. Simple barter or supermarket purchases involve this understanding. See reciprocity.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm believed behavior what people honestly believe that they are doing in their lives rather than what they think they should be doing or what they actually are doing. In most societies there is a discrepancy between these three kinds of behavior. It is important for anthropologists to distinguish between actual, believed, and ideal behavior when they learn about another society and its culture.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm kinesics

the part of non-verbal communication consisting of gestures, expressions, and postures. This part of paralanguage is also known as body language.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm interaction distance

the distance our bodies are physically apart while talking with each other. If two speakers have different comfortable interaction distances, a ballet of shifting positions usually occurs until one of the individuals is backed into a corner and feels threatened by what may be perceived as hostile or sexual overtures. As a result, the verbal message may not be listened to or understood as it was intended. Interaction distance is an aspect of proxemics.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm proxemics

the study of interaction distances and other culturally defined uses of space that affect communication. Most people are unaware of the importance of space in communication until they are confronted with someone who uses it differently. Proxemics is a form of paralanguage.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm paralanguage

auxiliary communication devices that generally assure clarity by transmitting the same message in different ways at the same time. These include variations in tone and character of voice along with such non-verbal forms of communication as kinesics, proxemics, clothing, and makeup.

(online, paralanguage takes the form of profile pictures, wall posts and other creations of self)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm inner-directed personality

a personality that is guilt oriented. The behavior of individuals with this sort of personality are strongly controlled by their conscience. As a result, there is little need for police to make sure that they obey the law. These individuals monitor themselves. The inner-directed personality is one of the modal personality types identified by David Riesman in the early 1950's.

(online this can manifest as feeling guilty for not immediately responding to messages or being there to receive messages, thus reinforcing the behaviour of compulsively checking ones phone or feeling the compulsion of "be there" and present for an incoming message or communication.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Industrial Revolution

the transition from a society primarily dependent on hand tools produced by individual craftsmen to one with machine and power tools developed through large-scale industrial production. In Western Cultures, this began to occur during the last half of the 18th century. It resulted in increased individual wealth, progressive urbanization, and globalization of the economy.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Information Revolution

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm ideal behavior what people believe that they should do in their lives rather than what they think they are doing or what they actually are doing. In most societies there is a discrepancy between these three kinds of behavior. It is important for anthropologists to distinguish between actual, believed, and ideal behavior when they learn about another society and its culture.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm national personality type

a distinct culturally specific personality pattern acquired during the process of being enculturated. The notion of national personality types implies that personality is almost entirely learned rather than genetically inherited. This is no longer widely believed in anthropology and psychology.

(in the digital space, this would be a site-specific personality type - that one's personality online is to a large degree influenced by the sites on which they are found. a facebook personality type would thus be different from a twitter personality type and so on)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm informal negative sanction

an "unofficial", non-governmental punishment for violations of social norms. Informal negative sanctions usually are in the form of gossip, public ridicule, social ostracism, insults, or even threats of physical harm by other members of the community. See negative sanction and positive sanction.

(this can be easily found on Facebook bullying)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm internalization of moral code

the situation in which people accept society’s moral code and do not need police or other external means of social control to get them to follow it. They feel guilty if they do something “wrong” and punish themselves or turn themselves in for punishment.

(a moral code for a site such as Facebook is that one knows when one has done something wrong and acts in accordance. newcomers who violate the standing social code become bothered.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm informant someone who is not only knowledgeable about his or her own culture but who is able and willing to communicate this knowledge in an understandable way to an anthropologist or some other outsider. Ethnographers usually try to develop a warm and trusting relationship with their informants. This makes it more likely that they will learn what the informant's culture is really like.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm rite of passage ritual ceremonies intended to mark the transition from one phase of life to another.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm role the part a society expects an individual to play in a given status (e.g., child, wife, mother, aunt, grandmother). Social group membership gives us a set of role tags to allow people to know what to expect from each other.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm rituals stylized and usually repetitive acts that take place at a set time and location. They almost always involve the use of symbolic objects, words, and actions. For example, going to church on Sunday is a common religious ritual for Christians around the world.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the early 20th century idea of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the terms and categories of our language. This hypothesis was objectively tested by anthropologists in the 1960's. That research indicated that Sapir and Whorf went too far. It is now clear that the terminology used by a culture primarily reflects that culture's interests and concerns. All normal humans share similar sense perceptions due to the fact that their sense organs are essentially the same. Therefore, they can understand and perceive the categories of reality of another culture, if they are explained.

(this makes it difficult for higher order cyborgs to communicate to lower order cyborgs -- age group and generational differences also play a large role)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm small-scale society generally a society of a few dozen to several thousand people who live by foraging wild foods, herding domesticated animals, or non-intensive horticulture on the band or village level. Such societies lack cities as well as complex economies and governments. Kinship relationships are usually highly important in comparison to large-scale societies. (livejournal groups are an example of small scale societies)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm social dialect a dialect spoken by a speech community that is socially isolated from others. Social dialects are mostly based on class, ethnicity, gender, age, or particular social situations. The upper class English "public school" way of talking is an example of a social dialect.

(also based on which website group they are a part of)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm socialization

the general process of acquiring culture as you grow up in a society. During socialization, children learn the language of the culture as well as the roles they are to play in life. In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their society allows them. They also learn and usually adopt their culture's norms through the socialization process. See enculturation.

(socialization on a website consists of how you are socialized and the people on the site according to the aspects of the site)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm norms

the conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society. Norms are also referred to as "social norms."

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm participant observation physically and emotionally participating in the social interaction of another society on a daily basis in order to learn about its culture. In practice this usually requires living within the community as a member, learning their language, establishing close friendship ties, eating what they eat, and taking part in normal family activities. By becoming an active participant rather than simply an observer, ethnographers reduce the cultural distance between themselves and the host society.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm positive sanction a reward for appropriate or admirable behavior that conforms with the social norms. Common positive sanctions include praise and granting honors or awards. See http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm negative sanction (on the web, things like points, awards, prizes, badges, level ups, etc. enforce normalistic or the standard set of social behavior. -- see early forum systems and level ups. show navy seals and their ranks based on understanding of socal systems, etc.)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm ethnography anthropological research in which one learns about the culture of another society through fieldwork and first hand observation in that society. Ethnography is also the term used to refer to books or monographs describing what was learned about the culture of a society.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm ethnology an anthropological study that systematically compares similar cultures. An example of an ethnological study would be a comparison of what cultures are like in societies that have economies based on hunting and gathering rather than agriculture. The data for this sort of ethnology would come from the existing ethnographies about these peoples. In other words, an ethnology is essentially a synthesis of the work of many ethnographers.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm stratified sample

a probability sample in which people are selected because they come from distinct sub-groups within the society. This approach may be used by ethnographers if the information that is being sought is not specialized knowledge such as the esoteric activities of a secret organization with restricted membership. (this sort of sample is often used by ux designers when trying to determine the different possible users and user scenarios of a site in hHCI research. they are also known as "personas" and are often invented.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm random sample a probability sample in which people are selected on a totally random, unbiased basis. This can be accomplished by assigning a number to everyone in a community and then letting a computer or hand calculator generate a series of random numbers. If a 10% sample is needed, then the first 10% of the random numbers will indicate who will be the focus of the research. This sampling approach is reasonable for ethnographic research only when there does not seem to be much difference between the people in the population. Since this is rarely the case, random sampling is not often used for ethnographic research. (sometimes used in twitter research)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm revitalization movement a millenarian movement in which the followers focus on recreating and revitalizing their indigenous culture in response to tremendous pressure to acculturate to the culture of another society that dominates them.

(the hipster movement is an example of this -- attention to record players,typewriters and vintage clothing, or ideas of things that exist as one object and cant be transformed in their use value by the click of a button as possible with a computer screen. the idea of non-reproducible objects in an era of reproducibility. preserving non-digital practices and sets of process such as photography with analog camera and other devices, dark rooms, diy haircuts, intelligence and the study of vintage culture, architecture, printing and graphic design elements. hard work and lots of analog socialization. Unfortunately these items have been fetizished themselves and taken up into modern culture to be endlessly reproduced. as this occurs, the successful hipster must be continually ahead of the cultural erosion line, seeping out new material that has not yet been recolonize and remixed by popular culture. in doing so, ironically bringing culture and eroding past culture with it, fetishising a past that never existed.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm rites of passage

ritual ceremonies intended to mark the transition from one phase of life to another. for kids, getting on the internet for the first time. getting a facebook profile

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm regional dialect

a dialect associated with a geographically isolated speech community. An example is the Texas in contrast to the upper midwestern American dialect. facebook dialcts are different from twitter. different spaces on the web, (a lord of the rings area, for insance) would have another kind of dialect.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm social velocity the common social phenomenon in which disruptive interpersonal conflicts increasingly occur as the number of people in a society grows. Richard Lee coined this term as result of observing the phenomenon among the ju/'hoansi of southwest Africa. Band fissioning occurred before a community reached the full carrying capacity of the environment. Families decided to leave and form their own bands because the conflict settling mechanisms were not adequate to resolve differences. It was not food scarcity but, rather, social discord that was the cause of the break-up.

(in sites that quickly grow, such as twitter or quora, or the well, there have been discords that exist -- as more people come in, messing with the culture that existed in the past.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm foraging

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm specialized foraging a foraging subsistence pattern in which a limited number of species are hunted or gathered. Aquatic and equestrian foragers usually are specialized in their food quest. Specialized foraging can be highly productive but is risky in environments that experience periodic droughts or other significant environmental changes that affect the food supply. See diversified foraging.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm hunting and gathering

(hunting and gathering a resource online as a form of research -- often going out into the community to get resources to proove a point or to find information related to a very specific topics, such as how to edit bits of wordpress)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm special purpose money

objects that serve as a medium of exchange in only limited contexts. In societies that have it, usually there are certain goods and services that can be purchased only with their specific form of special purpose money. If you don't have it, you cannot acquire the things that it can purchase. You may not be able to easily obtain the special purpose money either. The Tiv people of central Nigeria provide an example. In the past, they used brass rods to buy cattle and to pay bride price. These rods were acquired by trade from Sahara Desert trading peoples who ultimately obtained them from the urbanized societies of North Africa. If a man could not acquire brass rods by trade or borrowing them, he would be prevented from acquiring cattle and getting married. See general purpose money. (facebook money, club penguin money -- different items have different values in different contexts online -- people have certain values in some contexts).

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm status

the relative social position of an individual. For instance, student, teacher, child, and parent are easily identifiable statuses in most cultures. Each of us has a number of different statuses. We usually acquire new ones and lose old ones as we go through life. See role. (status is what you currenty are ona group, active, passive, online, offline)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm syncretism an amalgamation or incorporation of traditional and introduced alien culture traits. In Southern Mexico and Guatemala, the Maya Indian combination of mutually exclusive indigenous religious and European Christian beliefs to create a new composite religion is an example. Syncretism is often a psychologically more satisfying alternative to rapid acculturation that totally replaces indigenous cultural beliefs and customs since one's own cultural identity is maintained.

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm totem

a mythical clan founding ancestor. Totem origins are so far back in time that they are often believed to be non-human. Totems are used as symbols of clans. When they are believed to be particular kinds of animals or plants, killing or eating them is usually not allowed. Totems are also referred to as "totemic emblems" . (the totem of the internet is cats)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm tradition-oriented personality a personality that has a strong emphasis on doing things the same way that they have always been done. Individuals with this sort of personality are less likely to try new things and to seek new experiences. The tradition-oriented personality is one of the modal personality types identified by David Riesman in the early 1950's. (many of these people continue in the face of the net, even though they've been around it for a while - it's been in research for 30 years, for instance)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm transculturation

what happens to an individual when he or she moves to a new society and adopts their culture. See acculturation. (for instance, when a myspace user moves to facebook, they move and adopt their culture and become it)

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Tacit Culture

Tacit culture in Anthropology refers to parts of culture that are explicit or directly observable. Social scientists have argued that it is at points of conflict that tacit culture becomes visible.

For example, think of a checkout queue at a store. There is no signage that explicitly tells you to wait behind the people already standing in line, or any information on how close you should stand to the person in front of you. However, you have probably learned these rule via observation in your day to day life.

When someone doesn't follow tacit cultural rules there is normally some form of sanctioning. This can be things like glaring at people who cut in line, or moving away from someone who stands too close to you.

Also, tacit culture goes beyond rules. It includes language use (ever heard an older person misuse slang) and object use (how we use cultural artifacts), etc.

Edward Hall discusses this concept in his books The Silent Language (1959) and Hidden Dimensions (1966). Arguably, this is what was also meant by Durkheim when he discusses cultural fact.

I hope this is helpful.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Tacit_culture_in_anthropological_terms

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Cultural Resource Management decides what sites need saving, and to preserve significant information about the past when sites cannot be saved (jason scott provides this an an archivits of digital history) http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Informed Consent the agreement to take part in research, after having been so informed http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Emic Approach investigates how local people think http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Longitudinal Research the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Participant Observation taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analysing

(Often required in doing logitudinal studies in cyberspace websites - also see Deep Hanging Out)

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

---

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm International Culture a level of culture that extends beyond and across national boundaries

(also singulairy -- global soccer/football on twitter, micheal jackson'sdeath, world events when appearing online, bring many todather into a global forum)

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Particularities features that are unique to certain cultural traditions

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Focal Vocabulary specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (the focal vocabulary of cybogs is very precise and evolved. it also cincreases over time with giant amounts of upheval and change -- mostly, it is product based, and when products diesseapear, so do those words in language, unless a group is looking back and nostaligizing about a certain aspect or sitaution. )

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Sociolinguistics investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

(make lists of words relative to earch architecture, such as twitter vs. well, vs. facebook vs. parc

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Domestic-Public Dichotomy a strong differentation between the home and the outside world (akwardness arrisis when these divisions are not preserved online)

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Open-Class System stratification system that facilitates social mobility, with individual achievement and personal merit determining social rank

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Prestige esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Power the ability to exercise one's will over others

(online, the amount of attention and the ability to move people into action around a certain idea, object, or set of ideas)

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Pantribal Sodality a non-kin based group that exists throughout a tribe, spanning several villages

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Village Head leadership position in a village that has limited authority; leads by example and persuasion (ceo)?

http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/ ---

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Charisma , charismatic: a quality, coming from a person rather than from an office, that inspires intense loyalty and devotion; often has religious significance, linking prophet and followers.

http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/TEXTS/dictionary.pdf

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Unfinished Work : From Cyborg to Cognisphere N. Katherine Hayles Theory Culture Society 2006 23: 159 DOI: 10.1177/0263276406069229 The online version of this article can be found at: http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/23/7-8/159

Theory, Culture & Society http://tcs.sagepub.com/

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts

In highly developed and networked societies such as the US, human awareness comprises the tip of a huge pyramid of data flows, most of which occur between machines.

Hayles – Unfinished Work 161

Emphasiz- ing the dynamic and interactive nature of these exchanges, Thomas Whalen (2000) has called this global phenomenon the cognisphere. Expanded to include not only the Internet but also networked and programmable systems that feed into it, including wired and wireless data flows across the electro- magnetic spectrum, the cognisphere gives a name and shape to the globally interconnected cognitive systems in which humans are increasingly embedded.

As the name implies, humans are not the only actors within this system; machine cognizers are crucial players as well.

"the cognisphere has had many positive effects as well. Increased communication, access to databases around the world, communal knowledge-building through wikipedias and other data collection projects, and the ability to find and form networks with like-minded people in the US and abroad are only some of the forms of collective action and democratic potential made possible by the world-wide web. More subtle are the changes in subjectivity that the cognisphere is bringing about. Shifts in reading practices suggest a movement from deep attention to hyperattention; incorporation of intelligent machines into everyday practices creates distributed cognitive systems that include human and non-human actors; distributed cognition in turn is linked to a dispersed sense of self, with human awareness acting as the limited resource that artificial cognitive systems help to preserve and extend". Hayles, 162 in Unfinished Work: Theory, Culture & Society 23(7–8)

Downloaded from tcs.sagepub.com at PENN STATE UNIV on November 30, 2010

http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Why the Mind Isn’t in the Head: The Lived Body in Biology, Cognitive Science and Human Experience by Evan Thompson and Francisco J. Varela

"the world we understand is also the world we make, in both literal and figurative senses. As she has repeatedly pointed out, such world-making practices imply responsibility for their construction".

". . . the cyborg and companion species are hardly polar opposites. Cyborgs and companion species each bring together the human and non-human, the organic and technological, carbon and silicon, freedom and structure, history and myth, the rich and the poor, the state and the subject, diversity and deple- tion, modernity and postmodernity, and nature and culture in unexpected ways" (2003: 4)

Ambrose, Stanley H. (2001) ‘ http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution’, Science 291(5509): 1748–53.

Fredkin, Edward (2001) http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Introduction to Digital Philosophy. URL (consulted July 2006): http://www.digitalphilosophy.org

Whalen, Thomas (2000) ‘ http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Data Navigation, Architectures of Knowledge’, paper presented at the http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Banff Summit on Living Architectures: Designing for Immersion and Interaction, http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm Banff New Media Institute, 23 Sept.

Wolfram, Stephen (2002) http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm A New Kind of Science. New York: Wolfram Media.

Difference between revisions of "Terms to add"

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 {{cleanup}}
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[actual behavior]]
 what people really do in their lives rather than what they think they are doing or what they believe they should be doing.  In most societies there is a discrepancy between these three kinds of behavior.  It is important for anthropologists to distinguish between actual, believed, and ideal behavior when they learn about another society and its culture.
 http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[adaptive mechanism]]
 a behavior, strategy, or technique for obtaining food and surviving in a particular environment.  Successful adaptive mechanisms provide a selective advantage in the competition for survival with other life forms.  For humans, the most important adaptive mechanism is culture.
 http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[androgy ]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 30: @@
 http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[anomie]]
 a feeling of alienation and isolation from all other people, including family and friends.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[anthropology]]
 the broad scientific study of human culture and biology.  Anthropologists are interested in what it is to be human in all of our many different societies around the world today and in the past.  In North American universities, the study of anthropology is usually divided into four main sub-disciplines: cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[applied anthropology]]
@@ Line 25: / Line 60: @@
 the branch of anthropology oriented towards using anthropological knowledge for practical purposes.  The work of most applied anthropologists has the goal of helping small indigenous societies adjust to the massive acculturation pressures that they are now experiencing without their suffering culture death and genocide.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[balanced reciprocity]]
@@ Line 30: / Line 71: @@
 an economic exchange in which there is an explicit expectation of immediate return.  Simple barter or supermarket purchases involve this understanding.  See reciprocity.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[believed behavior]]
 what people honestly believe that they are doing in their lives rather than what they think they should be doing or what they actually are doing.  In most societies there is a discrepancy between these three kinds of behavior.  It is important for anthropologists to distinguish between actual, believed, and ideal behavior when they learn about another society and its culture.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[kinesics]]
@@ Line 39: / Line 92: @@
 the part of non-verbal communication consisting of gestures, expressions, and postures.  This part of paralanguage is also known as body language.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[interaction distance]]
@@ Line 44: / Line 103: @@
 the distance our bodies are physically apart while talking with each other.  If two speakers have different comfortable interaction distances, a ballet of shifting positions usually occurs until one of the individuals is backed into a corner and feels threatened by what may be perceived as hostile or sexual overtures.   As a result, the verbal message may not be listened to or understood as it was intended.  Interaction distance is an aspect of proxemics.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[proxemics]]
@@ Line 50: / Line 115: @@
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[paralanguage]]
@@ Line 58: / Line 129: @@
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[inner-directed personality]]
@@ Line 64: / Line 141: @@
 (online this can manifest as feeling guilty for not immediately responding to messages or being there to receive messages, thus reinforcing the behaviour of compulsively checking ones phone or feeling the compulsion of "be there" and present for an incoming message or communication.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Industrial Revolution]]
 the transition from a society primarily dependent on hand tools produced by individual craftsmen to one with machine and power tools developed through large-scale industrial production.  In Western Cultures, this began to occur during the last half of the 18th century.  It resulted in increased individual wealth, progressive urbanization, and globalization of the economy.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Information Revolution]]
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[ideal behavior]]
 what people believe that they should do in their lives rather than what they think they are doing or what they actually are doing.  In most societies there is a discrepancy between these three kinds of behavior.  It is important for anthropologists to distinguish between actual, believed, and ideal behavior when they learn about another society and its culture.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[national personality type]]
@@ Line 81: / Line 182: @@
 (in the digital space, this would be a site-specific personality type - that one's personality online is to a large degree influenced by the sites on which they are found. a facebook personality type would thus be different from a twitter personality type and so on)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[informal negative sanction]]
@@ Line 88: / Line 195: @@
 (this can be easily found on Facebook bullying)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[internalization of moral code]]
@@ Line 94: / Line 207: @@
 (a moral code for a site such as Facebook is that one knows when one has done something wrong and acts in accordance. newcomers who violate the standing social code become bothered.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[informant]]
 someone who is not only knowledgeable about his or her own culture but who is able and willing to communicate this knowledge in an understandable way to an anthropologist or some other outsider.  Ethnographers usually try to develop a warm and trusting relationship with their informants.  This makes it more likely that they will learn what the informant's culture is really like.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[rite of passage]]
 ritual ceremonies intended to mark the transition from one phase of life to another.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[role]]
 the part a society expects an individual to play in a given status (e.g., child, wife, mother, aunt, grandmother).  Social group membership gives us a set of role tags to allow people to know what to expect from each other.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[rituals]]
@@ Line 110: / Line 247: @@
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]]
@@ Line 117: / Line 260: @@
 (this makes it difficult for higher order cyborgs to communicate to lower order cyborgs -- age group and generational differences also play a large role)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[small-scale society]]
@@ Line 122: / Line 271: @@
 (livejournal groups are an example of small scale societies)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[social dialect]]
@@ Line 128: / Line 283: @@
 (also based on which website group they are a part of)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[socialization]]
@@ Line 135: / Line 296: @@
 (socialization on a website consists of how you are socialized and the people on the site according to the aspects of the site)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[norms]]
@@ Line 141: / Line 308: @@
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[participant observation]]
 physically and emotionally participating in the social interaction of another society on a daily basis in order to learn about its culture.  In practice this usually requires living within the community as a member, learning their language, establishing close friendship ties, eating what they eat, and taking part in normal family activities.  By becoming an active participant rather than simply an observer, ethnographers reduce the cultural distance between themselves and the host society.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[positive sanction]]
-a reward for appropriate or admirable behavior that conforms with the social norms.  Common positive sanctions include praise and granting honors or awards.   See [[negative sanction]]
+a reward for appropriate or admirable behavior that conforms with the social norms.  Common positive sanctions include praise and granting honors or awards.   See
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
+[[negative sanction]]
 (on the web, things like points, awards, prizes, badges, level ups, etc. enforce normalistic or the standard set of social behavior. -- see early forum systems and level ups. show navy seals and their ranks based on understanding of socal systems, etc.)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[ethnography]]
 anthropological research in which one learns about the culture of another society through fieldwork and first hand observation in that society.  Ethnography is also the term used to refer to books or monographs describing what was learned about the culture of a society.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[ethnology]]
 an anthropological study that systematically compares similar cultures.  An example of an ethnological study would be a comparison of what cultures are like in societies that have economies based on hunting and gathering rather than agriculture.  The data for this sort of ethnology would come from the existing ethnographies about these peoples.  In other words, an ethnology is essentially a synthesis of the work of many ethnographers.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[stratified sample]]
@@ Line 162: / Line 365: @@
 a probability sample in which people are selected because they come from distinct sub-groups within the society.  This approach may be used by ethnographers if the information that is being sought is not specialized knowledge such as the esoteric activities of a secret organization with restricted membership.
 (this sort of sample is often used by ux designers when trying to determine the different possible users and user scenarios of a site in hHCI research. they are also known as "personas" and are often invented.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[random sample]]
@@ Line 167: / Line 376: @@
 (sometimes used in twitter research)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[revitalization movement]]
@@ Line 172: / Line 387: @@
 (the hipster movement is an example of this -- attention to record players,typewriters and vintage clothing, or ideas of things that exist as one object and cant be transformed in their use value by the click of a button as possible with a computer screen. the idea of non-reproducible objects in an era of reproducibility. preserving non-digital practices and sets of process such as photography with analog camera and other devices, dark rooms, diy haircuts, intelligence and the study of vintage culture, architecture, printing and graphic design elements. hard work and lots of analog socialization. Unfortunately these items have been fetizished themselves and taken up into modern culture to be endlessly reproduced. as this occurs, the successful hipster must be continually ahead of the cultural erosion line, seeping out new material that has not yet been recolonize and remixed by popular culture. in doing so, ironically bringing culture and eroding past culture with it, fetishising a past that never existed.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[rites of passage]]
@@ Line 177: / Line 398: @@
 ritual ceremonies intended to mark the transition from one phase of life to another.
 for kids, getting on the internet for the first time. getting a facebook profile
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[regional dialect]]
@@ Line 183: / Line 410: @@
 facebook dialcts are different from twitter. different spaces on the web, (a lord of the rings area, for insance) would have another kind of dialect.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[social velocity]]
@@ Line 189: / Line 422: @@
 (in sites that quickly grow, such as twitter or quora, or the well, there have been discords that exist -- as more people come in, messing with the culture that existed in the past.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[foraging]]
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[specialized foraging]]
 a foraging subsistence pattern in which a limited number of species are hunted or gathered.  Aquatic and equestrian foragers usually are specialized in their food quest.  Specialized foraging can be highly productive but is risky in environments that experience periodic droughts or other significant environmental changes that affect the food supply.  See diversified foraging.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[hunting and gathering]]
 (hunting and gathering a resource online as a form of research -- often going out into the community to get resources to proove a point or to find information related to a very specific topics, such as how to edit bits of wordpress)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[special purpose money]]
@@ Line 205: / Line 462: @@
 (facebook money, club penguin money -- different items have different values in different contexts online -- people have certain values in some contexts).
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[status]]
@@ Line 211: / Line 474: @@
 (status is what you currenty are ona group, active, passive, online, offline)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[syncretism]]
 an amalgamation or incorporation of traditional and introduced alien culture traits.  In Southern Mexico and Guatemala, the Maya Indian combination of mutually exclusive indigenous religious and European Christian beliefs to create a new composite religion is an example.  Syncretism is often a psychologically more satisfying alternative to rapid acculturation that totally replaces indigenous cultural beliefs and customs since one's own cultural identity is maintained.
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[totem]]
@@ Line 219: / Line 494: @@
 a mythical clan founding ancestor.  Totem origins are so far back in time that they are often believed to be non-human.  Totems are used as symbols of clans.  When they are believed to be particular kinds of animals or plants, killing or eating them is usually not allowed.  Totems are also referred to as "totemic emblems"  .
 (the totem of the internet is cats)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[tradition-oriented personality]]
@@ Line 224: / Line 505: @@
 (many of these people continue in the face of the net, even though they've been around it for a while - it's been in research for 30 years, for instance)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[transculturation]]
@@ Line 233: / Line 520: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Tacit Culture]]
@@ Line 253: / Line 546: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Cultural Resource Management]]	 decides what sites need saving, and to preserve significant information about the past when sites cannot be saved (jason scott provides this an an archivits of digital history)
@@ Line 258: / Line 557: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Informed Consent]]	 the agreement to take part in research, after having been so informed
@@ Line 263: / Line 568: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Emic Approach]]	 investigates how local people think
@@ Line 268: / Line 579: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Longitudinal Research]]	 the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits
@@ Line 274: / Line 591: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Participant Observation]]	 taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analysing
@@ Line 282: / Line 605: @@
 ---
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[International Culture]]	 a level of culture that extends beyond and across national boundaries
@@ Line 289: / Line 618: @@
 http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Particularities]]	 features that are unique to certain cultural traditions
@@ Line 294: / Line 629: @@
 http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Focal Vocabulary]]	 specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups
@@ Line 300: / Line 641: @@
 http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Sociolinguistics]]	 investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation
@@ Line 307: / Line 654: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Domestic-Public Dichotomy]]	 a strong differentation between the home and the outside world
@@ Line 314: / Line 667: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Open-Class System]]	 stratification system that facilitates social mobility, with individual achievement and personal merit determining social rank
@@ Line 320: / Line 679: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Prestige]]	 esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary
@@ Line 326: / Line 691: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Power]]	 the ability to exercise one's will over others
@@ Line 335: / Line 706: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Pantribal Sodality]]	 a non-kin based group that exists throughout a tribe, spanning several villages
@@ Line 341: / Line 718: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Village Head]]	 leadership position in a village that has limited authority; leads by example and persuasion (ceo)?
@@ Line 346: / Line 729: @@
 http://quizlet.com/560577/anthropology-terms-flash-cards/
 ---
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Charisma]]
@@ Line 353: / Line 742: @@
 ----
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Unfinished Work : From Cyborg to Cognisphere]]
@@ Line 361: / Line 756: @@
 Theory, Culture & Society
 http://tcs.sagepub.com/
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts]]
@@ Line 375: / Line 776: @@
 Downloaded from tcs.sagepub.com at PENN STATE UNIV on November 30, 2010
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
 [[Why the Mind Isn’t in the Head: The Lived Body in Biology, Cognitive Science and Human Experience]] by Evan Thompson and Francisco J. Varela
@@ Line 382: / Line 789: @@
 <blockquote>". . . the cyborg and companion species are hardly polar opposites. Cyborgs and companion species each bring together the human and non-human, the organic and technological, carbon and silicon, freedom and structure, history and myth, the rich and the poor, the state and the subject, diversity and deple- tion, modernity and postmodernity, and nature and culture in unexpected ways" (2003: 4)</blockquote>
-Ambrose, Stanley H. (2001) ‘[[Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution]]’, Science 291(5509): 1748–53.
+Ambrose, Stanley H. (2001) ‘
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
+[[Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution]]’, Science 291(5509): 1748–53.
+Fredkin, Edward (2001)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
+[[Introduction to Digital Philosophy]]. URL (consulted July 2006): http://www.digitalphilosophy.org
+Whalen, Thomas (2000) ‘
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
+[[Data Navigation, Architectures of Knowledge]]’, paper presented at the
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
+[[Banff Summit on Living Architectures: Designing for Immersion and Interaction]],
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
+[[Banff New Media Institute]], 23 Sept.
+Wolfram, Stephen (2002)
+http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cglossary.htm
-Fredkin, Edward (2001) [[Introduction to Digital Philosophy]]. URL (consulted July 2006): http://www.digitalphilosophy.org
-Whalen, Thomas (2000) ‘[[Data Navigation, Architectures of Knowledge]]’, paper presented at the [[Banff Summit on Living Architectures: Designing for Immersion and Interaction]], [[Banff New Media Institute]], 23 Sept.
+[[Category:Traditional Anthropology]]
-Wolfram, Stephen (2002) [[A New Kind of Science]]. New York: Wolfram Media.
+[[A New Kind of Science]]. New York: Wolfram Media.