Brain-Computer Interface - Revision history

Caseorganic at 09:38, 26 August 2026

2026-08-26T09:38:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:38, 26 August 2026
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	* '''Invasive.''' Penetrating microelectrode arrays recording from individual neurons or small populations. The highest bandwidth, and the only approach that has produced fine motor control — at the cost of surgery and of gradual signal degradation.		* '''Invasive.''' Penetrating microelectrode arrays recording from individual neurons or small populations. The highest bandwidth, and the only approach that has produced fine motor control — at the cost of surgery and of gradual signal degradation.

	===~~The~~ Limiting Problems===		===Limiting Problems===
	The obstacles are biological rather than computational.		The obstacles are biological rather than computational.

	'''~~The foreign~~-body response.''' Implanted electrodes provoke inflammation and glial scarring, which insulates them from the neurons they are meant to record. Signal quality declines over months to years, and long-term stability remains the central unsolved problem.		'''Foreign-body response.''' Implanted electrodes provoke inflammation and glial scarring, which insulates them from the neurons they are meant to record. Signal quality declines over months to years, and long-term stability remains the central unsolved problem.

	'''Bandwidth.''' Even the best current systems read from a tiny fraction of the cortex. The gap between what is recorded and what a thought consists of is enormous, and popular expectations run far ahead of it.		'''Bandwidth.''' Even the best current systems read from a tiny fraction of the cortex. The gap between what is recorded and what a thought consists of is enormous, and popular expectations run far ahead of it.
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	Established clinical uses are restorative: communication and movement for people with severe paralysis, cochlear implants (a neural interface, though not a BCI in the strict sense), and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, which is now routine and entirely one-directional. Speculative and commercial ambitions — consumer control, augmentation, memory enhancement — are considerably less mature than their publicity.		Established clinical uses are restorative: communication and movement for people with severe paralysis, cochlear implants (a neural interface, though not a BCI in the strict sense), and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, which is now routine and entirely one-directional. Speculative and commercial ambitions — consumer control, augmentation, memory enhancement — are considerably less mature than their publicity.

	~~The ethical questions are distinctive rather than merely amplified.~~ Neural data is not like other personal data: it may contain information the subject has not consciously accessed. Closed-loop stimulation systems raise questions about agency, since a device that modulates mood or movement in response to detected states is participating in decisions. And a person whose speech or movement depends on a proprietary decoder is dependent on a company's continued existence — see [[Implant\|implant]] on the several documented cases of abandoned neural implants.		Neural data is not like other personal data: it may contain information the subject has not consciously accessed. Closed-loop stimulation systems raise questions about agency, since a device that modulates mood or movement in response to detected states is participating in decisions. And a person whose speech or movement depends on a proprietary decoder is dependent on a company's continued existence — see [[Implant\|implant]] on the several documented cases of abandoned neural implants.

	===Relevance to Cyborg Anthropology===		===Relevance to Cyborg Anthropology===
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	* [[Cyborg]]		* [[Cyborg]]
	* [[James Fung]]		* [[James Fung]]
	* [[Chris ~~Hables~~ Gray]]		* [[Chris Gray]]

	===References===		===References===

Caseorganic at 17:06, 25 August 2026

2026-08-25T17:06:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:06, 25 August 2026
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	===Definition===		===Definition===
	A ~~Brain~~-~~Computer Interface, or~~ BCI~~, describes~~ a system ~~of interaction~~ between ~~a machine~~ and an ~~organic neurological system. The aim of a BCI varies by application. Currently~~, ~~Brain-Computer Interfaces are used to augment or repair cognitive or motor functions in humans that have lost~~ the ~~ability to control parts~~ of ~~their bodies. In these cases, BCIs act as restorative technologies. As BCIs become more afforadble, more accurate~~ and ~~easier to use outside of medical facilities, their use will increase~~. ~~Outside of~~ the ~~medal realm, BCIs may be used for entertainment in~~ the ~~form of video games, for communication in the form of conferencing and social networking, and for remote control and sensing of networked objects~~.		A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that establishes a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device, bypassing the ordinary output channels of nerve and muscle. A system that only sends information the other way — stimulating the brain without reading it — is more precisely a neural interface or neuromodulation device.

	~~Steve Fairclough considers BCIs as "brilliant candidates for assistive technology and effective usage of a BCI device feels slightly magical – because it is the ultimate~~ in ~~remote control"~~.<ref>~~Fairclough~~, ~~Steve~~. The Extended Nervous System. Physiological Computing: where brain and body drive technology. Published 6th January 2010. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.physiologicalcomputing.net/?p=291</ref> However, he adds, "~~like muscle interfaces, all we have done is create an alternative route for human~~-~~computer input~~. ~~The exciting subtext to BCI use is how the user learns to self-regulate brain activity in order to successfully operate this category~~ of ~~technology. The volitional control of brain activity seems like an extension of the human nervous system in my view~~ (~~or to be more specific, an extension of how we control the human nervous system~~)~~, albeit one that occurs as a side effect or consequence of technology use".<ref>Ibid~~.</ref>		The term was coined by Jacques Vidal at UCLA in 1973.<ref>Vidal, Jacques J. "Toward Direct Brain-Computer Communication." ''Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering'' 2 (1973): 157–180.</ref>

	===~~Non-Invasive BCIs~~===		===History===
	~~Non~~-~~invasive BCIs allow one to interface with technology without surgery~~.		Hans Berger recorded the first human electroencephalogram in 1924 and identified the alpha rhythm, establishing that electrical activity of the brain could be measured from the scalp. Vidal's 1973 paper proposed using such signals as a control channel and demonstrated a system in the late 1970s. Clinical work accelerated from the 1990s: the Utah array, a silicon microelectrode bed implanted in cortex, became the standard research device, and the BrainGate trials from 2004 onward demonstrated cursor control, robotic arm control and, later, rapid communication by attempted handwriting or speech in people with tetraplegia and locked-in syndrome.

	~~Two of the most interesting types of non~~-invasive ~~BCIs are subvocal recognition~~, ~~or SVR~~, and ~~electroencephalograms~~, ~~or EEG~~. An EEG ~~device is~~ a ~~non~~-~~invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro~~-~~electrical transmission~~ in the brain. ~~This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry~~, and the ~~use~~ of ~~a computer without the use~~ of ~~a cursor or keyboard~~.		===Approaches===
			* '''Non-invasive.''' EEG from the scalp; also fNIRS and MEG. Safe, inexpensive and portable, but the skull blurs and attenuates the signal, so bandwidth is low and setup is fussy. Most consumer "mind-reading" headsets are EEG devices with a small number of dry electrodes, and their claims should be read with the signal-to-noise problem in mind.
			* '''Partially invasive.''' Electrocorticography, with electrodes on the cortical surface beneath the skull but outside the brain tissue. A substantial improvement in signal quality with less tissue damage than penetrating arrays.
			* '''Invasive.''' Penetrating microelectrode arrays recording from individual neurons or small populations. The highest bandwidth, and the only approach that has produced fine motor control — at the cost of surgery and of gradual signal degradation.

	~~Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition~~. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. Press Release: Ambient Corporation. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>		===The Limiting Problems===
			The obstacles are biological rather than computational.

	~~===Invasive BCIs===~~		'''The foreign-body response.''' Implanted electrodes provoke inflammation and glial scarring, which insulates them from the neurons they are meant to record. Signal quality declines over months to years, and long-term stability remains the central unsolved problem.
	~~Invasive integrate directly with~~ the ~~nervous system through a mechanical installation and require a surgical procedure in order to be installed. Invasive BCIs~~ are ~~almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive~~ to ~~be used in normal everyday life as commercial products~~. ~~In order~~ to ~~become stable~~, ~~everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small~~ and ~~cheap enough to be mass~~-~~produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems~~.

	~~==References==~~		'''Bandwidth.''' Even the best current systems read from a tiny fraction of the cortex. The gap between what is recorded and what a thought consists of is enormous, and popular expectations run far ahead of it.
	~~<references />~~

	~~[[Category:Book Pages]]~~		'''Non-stationarity.''' The mapping between neural activity and intention shifts as tissue changes and as the user adapts, so systems require recalibration — and the user is learning at the same time as the decoder, which makes the two a coupled system rather than a device with a user.
	~~[[Category:Finished]]~~

	~~__NOTOC__~~		===Applications and Ethics===
			Established clinical uses are restorative: communication and movement for people with severe paralysis, cochlear implants (a neural interface, though not a BCI in the strict sense), and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, which is now routine and entirely one-directional. Speculative and commercial ambitions — consumer control, augmentation, memory enhancement — are considerably less mature than their publicity.

			The ethical questions are distinctive rather than merely amplified. Neural data is not like other personal data: it may contain information the subject has not consciously accessed. Closed-loop stimulation systems raise questions about agency, since a device that modulates mood or movement in response to detected states is participating in decisions. And a person whose speech or movement depends on a proprietary decoder is dependent on a company's continued existence — see [[Implant\|implant]] on the several documented cases of abandoned neural implants.

			===Relevance to Cyborg Anthropology===
			The BCI is the limiting case of the [[Cyborg\|cyborg]] premise: integration at the level of the nervous system itself, where the boundary between the person's intention and the machine's action becomes genuinely hard to locate.

			===Related Reading===
			* [[Neurological Computing]]
			* [[Implant]]
			* [[Cyborg]]
			* [[James Fung]]
			* [[Chris Hables Gray]]

			===References===
			<references/>

			[[Category:Cyborg Anthropology]]
			[[Category:Wearable Computing]]

Caseorganic at 05:37, 28 December 2011

2011-12-28T05:37:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:37, 28 December 2011
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	Steve Fairclough considers BCIs as "brilliant candidates for assistive technology and effective usage of a BCI device feels slightly magical – because it is the ultimate in remote control".<ref>Fairclough, Steve. The Extended Nervous System. Physiological Computing: where brain and body drive technology. Published 6th January 2010. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.physiologicalcomputing.net/?p=291</ref> However, he adds, "like muscle interfaces, all we have done is create an alternative route for human-computer input. The exciting subtext to BCI use is how the user learns to self-regulate brain activity in order to successfully operate this category of technology. The volitional control of brain activity seems like an extension of the human nervous system in my view (or to be more specific, an extension of how we control the human nervous system), albeit one that occurs as a side effect or consequence of technology use".<ref>Ibid.</ref>		Steve Fairclough considers BCIs as "brilliant candidates for assistive technology and effective usage of a BCI device feels slightly magical – because it is the ultimate in remote control".<ref>Fairclough, Steve. The Extended Nervous System. Physiological Computing: where brain and body drive technology. Published 6th January 2010. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.physiologicalcomputing.net/?p=291</ref> However, he adds, "like muscle interfaces, all we have done is create an alternative route for human-computer input. The exciting subtext to BCI use is how the user learns to self-regulate brain activity in order to successfully operate this category of technology. The volitional control of brain activity seems like an extension of the human nervous system in my view (or to be more specific, an extension of how we control the human nervous system), albeit one that occurs as a side effect or consequence of technology use".<ref>Ibid.</ref>

	===~~Types of~~ BCIs===		===Non-Invasive BCIs===
	~~There are two main types of BCIs. The first is non~~-invasive~~, which~~ allow one to interface with technology without surgery~~. The second is invasive, which integrate directly with the nervous system through a mechanical installation~~.		Non-invasive BCIs allow one to interface with technology without surgery.

	Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG. An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard. Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. Press Release: Ambient Corporation. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>		Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG. An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard.

	Invasive BCIs require a surgical ~~procedures~~ in order to be installed. ~~At the moment,~~ Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems.		Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. Press Release: Ambient Corporation. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>

			===Invasive BCIs===
			Invasive integrate directly with the nervous system through a mechanical installation and require a surgical procedure in order to be installed. Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems.

	==References==		==References==
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	[[Category:Book Pages]]		[[Category:Book Pages]]
	[[Category:~~Marked for Editing~~]]		[[Category:Finished]]

	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__

Caseorganic at 00:22, 1 December 2011

2011-12-01T00:22:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:22, 1 December 2011
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	There are two main types of BCIs. The first is non-invasive, which allow one to interface with technology without surgery. The second is invasive, which integrate directly with the nervous system through a mechanical installation.		There are two main types of BCIs. The first is non-invasive, which allow one to interface with technology without surgery. The second is invasive, which integrate directly with the nervous system through a mechanical installation.

	Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG. An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard. Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>		Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG. An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard. Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. Press Release: Ambient Corporation. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>

	Invasive BCIs require a surgical procedures in order to be installed. At the moment, Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems.		Invasive BCIs require a surgical procedures in order to be installed. At the moment, Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems.

Caseorganic at 00:21, 1 December 2011

2011-12-01T00:21:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:21, 1 December 2011
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	A Brain-Computer Interface, or BCI, describes a system of interaction between a machine and an organic neurological system. The aim of a BCI varies by application. Currently, Brain-Computer Interfaces are used to augment or repair cognitive or motor functions in humans that have lost the ability to control parts of their bodies. In these cases, BCIs act as restorative technologies. As BCIs become more afforadble, more accurate and easier to use outside of medical facilities, their use will increase. Outside of the medal realm, BCIs may be used for entertainment in the form of video games, for communication in the form of conferencing and social networking, and for remote control and sensing of networked objects.		A Brain-Computer Interface, or BCI, describes a system of interaction between a machine and an organic neurological system. The aim of a BCI varies by application. Currently, Brain-Computer Interfaces are used to augment or repair cognitive or motor functions in humans that have lost the ability to control parts of their bodies. In these cases, BCIs act as restorative technologies. As BCIs become more afforadble, more accurate and easier to use outside of medical facilities, their use will increase. Outside of the medal realm, BCIs may be used for entertainment in the form of video games, for communication in the form of conferencing and social networking, and for remote control and sensing of networked objects.

	~~_____~~ considers BCIs as "brilliant candidates for assistive technology and effective usage of a BCI device feels slightly magical – because it is the ultimate in remote control. ~~But~~ like muscle interfaces, all we have done is create an alternative route for human-computer input. The exciting subtext to BCI use is how the user learns to self-regulate brain activity in order to successfully operate this category of technology. The volitional control of brain activity seems like an extension of the human nervous system in my view (or to be more specific, an extension of how we control the human nervous system), albeit one that occurs as a side effect or consequence of technology use".<ref>~~The Extended Nervous System. http://www.physiologicalcomputing.net/?p=291 Published 6th January 2010. Accessed Oct 2011~~.</ref>		Steve Fairclough considers BCIs as "brilliant candidates for assistive technology and effective usage of a BCI device feels slightly magical – because it is the ultimate in remote control".<ref>Fairclough, Steve. The Extended Nervous System. Physiological Computing: where brain and body drive technology. Published 6th January 2010. Accessed Oct 2011. http://www.physiologicalcomputing.net/?p=291</ref> However, he adds, "like muscle interfaces, all we have done is create an alternative route for human-computer input. The exciting subtext to BCI use is how the user learns to self-regulate brain activity in order to successfully operate this category of technology. The volitional control of brain activity seems like an extension of the human nervous system in my view (or to be more specific, an extension of how we control the human nervous system), albeit one that occurs as a side effect or consequence of technology use".<ref>Ibid.</ref>

	===Types of BCIs===		===Types of BCIs===
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	Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG. An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard. Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>		Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG. An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard. Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>

	Invasive require a surgical procedures in order to be installed. At the moment, Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems.		Invasive BCIs require a surgical procedures in order to be installed. At the moment, Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems.

	==References==		==References==

Caseorganic at 23:36, 5 November 2011

2011-11-05T23:36:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:36, 5 November 2011
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	===Definition===		===Definition===
	A Brain-Computer Interface, or BCI, describes a system of interaction between a machine and an organic neurological system. The aim of a BCI varies by application. Currently, Brain-Computer Interfaces are used to augment or repair cognitive or motor functions in humans that have lost the ability to control parts of their bodies. In these cases, BCIs act as restorative technologies. As BCIs become more afforadble, more accurate and easier to use outside of medical facilities, their use will increase. Outside of the medal realm, BCIs may be used for entertainment in the form of video games, for communication in the form of conferencing and social networking, and for remote control and sensing of networked objects.		A Brain-Computer Interface, or BCI, describes a system of interaction between a machine and an organic neurological system. The aim of a BCI varies by application. Currently, Brain-Computer Interfaces are used to augment or repair cognitive or motor functions in humans that have lost the ability to control parts of their bodies. In these cases, BCIs act as restorative technologies. As BCIs become more afforadble, more accurate and easier to use outside of medical facilities, their use will increase. Outside of the medal realm, BCIs may be used for entertainment in the form of video games, for communication in the form of conferencing and social networking, and for remote control and sensing of networked objects.

			_____ considers BCIs as "brilliant candidates for assistive technology and effective usage of a BCI device feels slightly magical – because it is the ultimate in remote control. But like muscle interfaces, all we have done is create an alternative route for human-computer input. The exciting subtext to BCI use is how the user learns to self-regulate brain activity in order to successfully operate this category of technology. The volitional control of brain activity seems like an extension of the human nervous system in my view (or to be more specific, an extension of how we control the human nervous system), albeit one that occurs as a side effect or consequence of technology use".<ref>The Extended Nervous System. http://www.physiologicalcomputing.net/?p=291 Published 6th January 2010. Accessed Oct 2011.</ref>

	===Types of BCIs===		===Types of BCIs===
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	[[Category:Book Pages]]		[[Category:Book Pages]]
	[[Category:~~Finished~~]]		[[Category:Marked for Editing]]

	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__

Caseorganic at 05:20, 14 October 2011

2011-10-14T05:20:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:20, 14 October 2011
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	===Definition===		===Definition===
	Brain-Computer ~~Interfaces~~, or BCI~~'s describe systems~~ of interaction between ~~computers~~ and neurological ~~systems~~. The aim of a BCI varies by application. ~~Traditionally~~, ~~BCI's~~ are used to augment or repair cognitive or motor functions in humans that have lost the ability to control parts of their bodies. In ~~this case~~, BCIs act as restorative technologies. As BCIs become ~~cheaper~~, more accurate and easier to use outside of medical facilities, their use will ~~increasingly~~ be used ~~as part of augmentative technologies and~~ entertainment in the form of video games, conferencing and ~~communication~~, remote control and ~~wireless data entry~~.		A Brain-Computer Interface, or BCI, describes a system of interaction between a machine and an organic neurological system. The aim of a BCI varies by application. Currently, Brain-Computer Interfaces are used to augment or repair cognitive or motor functions in humans that have lost the ability to control parts of their bodies. In these cases, BCIs act as restorative technologies. As BCIs become more afforadble, more accurate and easier to use outside of medical facilities, their use will increase. Outside of the medal realm, BCIs may be used for entertainment in the form of video games, for communication in the form of conferencing and social networking, and for remote control and sensing of networked objects.

	===Types of BCIs===		===Types of BCIs===
	There are two main types of BCIs. The first is non-invasive, which allow one to interface with technology without surgery. ~~Two of the most interesting types of non-~~invasive ~~BCIs are subvocal recognition~~, ~~or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG~~.		There are two main types of BCIs. The first is non-invasive, which allow one to interface with technology without surgery. The second is invasive, which integrate directly with the nervous system through a mechanical installation.

	Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>		Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG. An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard. Another method of non-invasive BCI is subvocal recognition. Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>

	An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard.		Invasive require a surgical procedures in order to be installed. At the moment, Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everyday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems.

	~~The second kind of BCIs are invasive, which means that they~~ require a surgical ~~procedure~~ in order to be installed. ~~Currently~~ Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, ~~everday~~ products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems~~. Before this happens they may service in an upper level human augmentation market of video-games and expensive communication units~~.

	==References==		==References==

Caseorganic at 23:36, 30 July 2011

2011-07-30T23:36:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:36, 30 July 2011
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	[[Category:Book Pages]]		[[Category:Book Pages]]
	[[Category:~~Marked for Editing~~]]		[[Category:Finished]]

	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__

Caseorganic at 23:36, 30 July 2011

2011-07-30T23:36:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:36, 30 July 2011
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	===Types of BCIs===		===Types of BCIs===
	There are two main types of BCIs, non-invasive, which allow ~~for interfacing~~ without surgery~~, and invasive, which require some surgical procedure in order to function~~. Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG.		There are two main types of BCIs. The first is non-invasive, which allow one to interface with technology without surgery. Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG.

	~~"The~~ Ambient Corporation ~~is marketing~~ a device ~~called the Audeo~~ that ~~helps people speak~~.<ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref> ~~(more information is needed here)~~		Subvocal recognition is a method that allows one to communicate without speaking. In 2008 the Ambient Corporation demoed a device that attached to one's neck and detected subvocal signals, turning them into sound. <ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref>

	~~On the other hand, an~~ EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard.		An EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard.

	Currently Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems. Before this happens they may service in an upper level human augmentation market of video-games and expensive communication units.		The second kind of BCIs are invasive, which means that they require a surgical procedure in order to be installed. Currently Invasive BCIs are almost exclusively used in medicine as restorative healthcare. They are unstable and too expensive to be used in normal everyday life as commercial products. In order to become stable, everday products they will have to go through safety testing, become small and cheap enough to be mass-produced, and run software that helps to solve everyday human problems. Before this happens they may service in an upper level human augmentation market of video-games and expensive communication units.

	==References==		==References==

Caseorganic at 22:59, 30 July 2011

2011-07-30T22:59:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:59, 30 July 2011
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	There are two main types of BCIs, non-invasive, which allow for interfacing without surgery, and invasive, which require some surgical procedure in order to function. Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG.		There are two main types of BCIs, non-invasive, which allow for interfacing without surgery, and invasive, which require some surgical procedure in order to function. Two of the most interesting types of non-invasive BCIs are subvocal recognition, or SVR, and electroencephalograms, or EEG.

	"The Ambient Corporation is marketing a device called the Audeo that helps people speak.<ref>~~http://www.theaudeo.com/].~~		"The Ambient Corporation is marketing a device called the Audeo that helps people speak.<ref>On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call. http://www.theaudeo.com/.</ref> (more information is needed here)
	On February 26, 2008 the Ambient Corporation demonstrated what it called the world's first voiceless phone call~~" [~~http://www.theaudeo.com/~~display_news~~.~~php?id=29~~</ref> (more information is needed here)

	On the other hand, an EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard.		On the other hand, an EEG device is a non-invasive BCI that works by detecting neuro-electrical transmission in the brain. This neuro-electric brain activity can be converted into various outputs such as the movement of virtual objects, data entry, and the use of a computer without the use of a cursor or keyboard.