Wearable Computing

Definition

A wearable computer is a computer that is subsumed into the personal space of the user, controlled by the user, and has both operational and interactional constancy, i.e. is always on and always accessible. Most notably, it is a device that is always with the user, and into which the user can always enter commands and execute a set of such entered commands, and in which the user can do so while walking around or doing other activities".

History

Blackjack

In 1961 mathematician Edward O. Thorp, best known as “The father of wearable computer" and Claude Shannon built the world’s first wearable computer, a computerized timing card-counting device for blackjack.

WearComp

In 1981, while still in high school, Steve Mann designed backpack-mounted computer to control photographic equipment. Mann felt that humans that computers and computing environments should be available anywhere to a person, not just at a specifically designed computer terminal. While enrolled in classes at MIT, Mann wore many pounds of computing equipment almost everywhere he went. As time progressed, computing became lighter, and Steve Mann’s load became less burdensome while still retaining the same functionality. In December 1994, Steve Mann developed the "Wearable Wireless Webcam." Webcam transmitted images point-to-point from a head-mounted analog camera to an SGI base station via amateur TV frequencies. The images were processed by the base station and displayed on a webpage in near real-time.

Steve Mann envisioned a future in which hardware could be downloaded in as easily as software. Where one’s contact lens prescription could change during the day based on one’s needs. A future where a device morphs is the most fluid and liquid that an interface can become. Interfaces today are limited by their external structure. This limitation will dissolve when the hardware dissolves. Computers have diminished in volume from gymnasiums to desktops to pockets, and computer screens have become liquid, allowing buttons to appear anywhere they are needed. Although the Internet is invisible and seemingly omnipresent, it is only accessible by two-dimensional interfaces on physical machines in connected fields.

Dr. Mann's WearComp invention dates back to his high school days in the 1970s and early 1980s, where he was experimenting with wearable computing and personal imaging as a hobby . "Unlike other wearable devices (wristwatches, regular eyeglasses, wearable radios, etc.), a WearComp is as reconfigurable as the familiar desktop or mainframe computer. Unlike other computers (including laptops and PDAs), a WearComp is inextricably intertwined with its wearer - WearComp's "always ready" characteristic leads to a new form of synergy between human and computer".

Active Badge

In 1990 Italian computer manufacturer Olivetti developed an active badge system. The badges were worn around the neck and operated only in specially-wired buildings, where each room and door has an infra-red tranceiver to communicate with the badge. The Active Badge used using infrared signals to communicate a person's location: Olivetti developed a name badge that transmitted a unique id to IR receivers placed in rooms around a building. This allowed these "smart rooms" to track a person's location and log it in a central database.

Much of what was possible with early wearable computing is now possible with mobile phones. David Greaves wore an Active Badge at Cambridge University to unlock the buildings where he worked and to give out his location.. Although the Active Badge was useful, Greaves mentioned his colleagues "stopped wearing their badges in the office environment once they had a mobile phone".

Guidelines for Wearable Computing

Steve Mann formally defined wearable computing in terms of its three basic modes of operation and its six fundamental attributes.

Operational Modes of Wearable Computing

Mann defined three operational modes in this new interaction between human and computer, and six informational flow paths. The three operational modes and their attributes will be listed here. For further reading, see the references section of this entry. It is recommended that anyone working on wearable computing read Mann's work on the Eyetap and follow the full set of guidelines for wearable computing.

Constancy	Augmentation	Mediation	Solitude	Privacy
The computer runs continuously, and is always ready to interact with the user. Unlike a hand-held device, laptop computer, or PDA, it does not need to be opened up and turned on prior to use. The signal flow from human to computer, and computer to human runs continuously to provide a constant user interface.	Traditional computing paradigms are based on the notion that computing is the primary task. Wearable computing, however, is based on the notion that computing is NOT the primary task. The assumption of wearable computing is that the user will be doing something else at the same time as doing the computing. Thus the computer should serve to augment the intellect, or augment the senses.	Unlike hand held devices, laptop computers, and PDAs, the wearable computer can encapsulate us. It doesn't necessarily need to completely enclose us, but the concept allows for a greater degree of encapsulation than traditional portable computers.	It can function as an information filter, and allow us to block out material we might not wish to experience, whether it be offensive advertising, or simply a desire to replace existing media with different media. In less severe manifestations, it may simply allow us to alter our perception of reality in a very mild sort of way.	Mediation allows us to block or modify information leaving our encapsulated space. In the same way that ordinary clothing prevents others from seeing our naked bodies, the wearable computer may, for example, serve as an intermediary for interacting with untrusted systems, such as third party digital anonymous cash "cyberwallets".

Future of Wearable Computing

The best wearable computers will evaporate over time until they are no longer noticeable or are proper ubiquitous extensions of the self, as valuable and as iconic as sports cars and external transport structures for the physical body. Their interfaces will be invisible. All that is solid will melt into air.

Additional Reading

• Thad Starner
• Diminished Reality
• Calm Computing
• Mark Weiser
• Active Badge
• James Fung
• Wearcomp
• Sousveillance
• EyeTap